Government policy sets a course of action and defines how a public institution will behave in certain circumstances. It can influence how much you pay in taxes, what kind of visa you will get, where you can park your car and even which school you attend.
The development of policy is a complex process and there are a number of theories which attempt to explain the underlying factors that make it work or not. One popular theory is the policy cycle developed by Harold Lasswell. This is a simple heuristic which suggests a four-step process by which problems are identified, analysed and resolved.
Issue identification involves identifying which problems require attention by the governing body. This often takes into account a range of criteria including scientific measurement and the reflection of ideology (elements of dominant values, customs and beliefs). It can be difficult to determine which problems are crucial and which issues should be given priority.
Problem analysis involves looking at the costs and effects of different solutions to the problem and finding a solution that meets the needs of citizens, business and the environment. The process often includes a cost-benefit analysis, a risk assessment and assessing the legitimacy of the proposed solution through consultation and referendum.
Once a solution has been agreed on the process of implementation begins. This involves developing procedures and protocols to see that the policy is carried out correctly. It also involves evaluating and maintaining the policy, either continuing as is or modifying it or terminating it altogether.