A state of emergency is a term used to describe a situation in which the government gains broad powers for a short period of time. These situations can be triggered by natural disasters, civil unrest, war, terrorism, medical pandemics or other biosecurity risks. The declaration of a state of emergency can allow the government to put through policies that are not normally permitted, for the protection and safety of its citizens.
States of emergency are typically a part of national or state constitutions and laws. The wording varies, but the basic definition is that a country is in an extraordinary circumstance and needs special protection. The declaration may grant the executive branch expanded power, reducing checks and balances that are generally in place. In the United States, a federal state of emergency is usually declared by the president and grants the executive branch significant authority. This authority may include the ability to dispatch federal personnel and resources and ease regulatory requirements for organizations, governments, or individuals.
State and local governments may also declare a state of emergency, which typically includes a description of the geographic area affected and lists of prohibitions and restrictions to be implemented to promote public safety. This can include limiting the possession of dangerous weapons, imposing curfews or controlling where people can travel and gather.
The declaration of a state of emergency may activate a state’s disaster response plans, mobilize federal assets and support regional efforts to provide assistance. Local and state officials can also commandeer labor, vehicles and other private resources to help with rescue, recovery and relief efforts.